INTERNET TRACKING

Internet tracking refers to the practice of collecting data on users' online activities, typically for marketing or analysis purposes. Internet tracking technologies can include cookies, web beacons, tracking pixels, browser fingerprinting, and more. These technologies can monitor a user's browsing behavior, including the websites they visit, the links they click, and the products they purchase. This data can then be used to create user profiles, allowing companies to target advertising and content to specific users based on their interests and behaviors.

Internet tracking can have both positive and negative implications for users. On one hand, tracking can improve the user experience by providing personalized content and services. On the other hand, tracking can be used for malicious purposes, such as stealing personal information or conducting phishing attacks.

Cookies: Small text files stored on a user's device that track website activity and preferences.

Web beacons: Also known as tracking pixels, they are small images placed on a webpage or email that can track user behavior.

Browser fingerprinting: A technique that tracks browser settings, plugins, and other information to create a unique identifier for a user's device.

IP tracking: The process of tracking a user's internet protocol (IP) address to determine their location or monitor their activity.

GPS tracking: The process of tracking a user's physical location through their mobile device's GPS.

Social media tracking: The process of tracking user activity on social media platforms to understand their interests and behavior.

Click tracking: The process of tracking a user's clicks on a website to measure engagement.

To protect against internet tracking, individuals can use tools such as ad-blockers, anti-tracking browser extensions, and virtual private networks (VPNs). Cybersecurity professionals can also implement security measures such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and encryption to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data.

Internet tracking refers to the practice of collecting data on users' online activities, typically for marketing or analysis purposes. Internet tracking technologies can include cookies, web beacons, tracking pixels, browser fingerprinting, and more. These technologies can monitor a user's browsing behavior, including the websites they visit, the links they click, and the products they purchase. This data can then be used to create user profiles, allowing companies to target advertising and content to specific users based on their interests and behaviors.

Internet tracking can have both positive and negative implications for users. On one hand, tracking can improve the user experience by providing personalized content and services. On the other hand, tracking can be used for malicious purposes, such as stealing personal information or conducting phishing attacks.

Cookies: Small text files stored on a user's device that track website activity and preferences.

Web beacons: Also known as tracking pixels, they are small images placed on a webpage or email that can track user behavior.

Browser fingerprinting: A technique that tracks browser settings, plugins, and other information to create a unique identifier for a user's device.

IP tracking: The process of tracking a user's internet protocol (IP) address to determine their location or monitor their activity.

GPS tracking: The process of tracking a user's physical location through their mobile device's GPS.

Social media tracking: The process of tracking user activity on social media platforms to understand their interests and behavior.

Click tracking: The process of tracking a user's clicks on a website to measure engagement.

To protect against internet tracking, individuals can use tools such as ad-blockers, anti-tracking browser extensions, and virtual private networks (VPNs). Cybersecurity professionals can also implement security measures such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and encryption to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data.

INTERNET TRACKING

 Internet tracking, in the context of cybersecurity, refers to the collection of user data through various online tracking techniques. Internet tracking is often used by companies to gather information about users' online activities, such as the websites they visit, the links they click, and the products they purchase.

There are different types of internet tracking techniques that cybercriminals and companies may use, such as cookies, beacons, tracking pixels, browser fingerprinting, and more. These techniques can be used to monitor user behavior, create profiles of user interests and preferences, and track user movement across the web.

Internet tracking can have both positive and negative implications for cybersecurity. On the positive side, tracking can help companies better understand user behavior and preferences, allowing them to offer more relevant and personalized content and services. On the negative side, tracking can be used for malicious purposes, such as stealing user data or conducting phishing attacks.

To protect against internet tracking, users can take several measures, such as using anti-tracking tools, clearing their browser history and cookies regularly, and avoiding suspicious websites and links. Additionally, cybersecurity professionals can implement security measures, such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems, to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data.

 Internet tracking, in the context of cybersecurity, refers to the collection of user data through various online tracking techniques. Internet tracking is often used by companies to gather information about users' online activities, such as the websites they visit, the links they click, and the products they purchase.

There are different types of internet tracking techniques that cybercriminals and companies may use, such as cookies, beacons, tracking pixels, browser fingerprinting, and more. These techniques can be used to monitor user behavior, create profiles of user interests and preferences, and track user movement across the web.

Internet tracking can have both positive and negative implications for cybersecurity. On the positive side, tracking can help companies better understand user behavior and preferences, allowing them to offer more relevant and personalized content and services. On the negative side, tracking can be used for malicious purposes, such as stealing user data or conducting phishing attacks.

To protect against internet tracking, users can take several measures, such as using anti-tracking tools, clearing their browser history and cookies regularly, and avoiding suspicious websites and links. Additionally, cybersecurity professionals can implement security measures, such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems, to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data.

Data Types

Data Types

Variables can hold values, and every value has a data-type. Python is a dynamically typed language; hence we do not need to define the type of the variable while declaring it. The interpreter implicitly binds the value with its type.

a = 5  

The variable a holds integer value five and we did not define its type. Python interpreter will automatically interpret variables a as an integer type.

Python enables us to check the type of the variable used in the program. Python provides us the type() function, which returns the type of the variable passed.

Example  :

a=10  

b="Hi Python"  

c = 10.5  

print(type(a))  

print(type(b))  

print(type(c)) 

Data types

A variable can hold different types of values. For example, a person's name must be stored as a string whereas its id must be stored as an integer.

Python provides various standard data types that define the storage method on each of them. The data types defined in Python are given below.

1.Numbers

2.Sequence Type

3.Boolean

4.Set

5.Dictionary

Numbers

Number stores numeric values. The integer, float, and complex values belong to a Python Numbers data-type. Python provides the type() function to know the data-type of the variable. Similarly, the isinstance() function is used to check an object belongs to a particular class.

 Int : Integer value can be any length such as integers 10, 2, 29, -20, -150 etc. Python has no restriction on the length of an integer. Its value belongs to int

Float :  Float is used to store floating-point numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2, etc. It is accurate upto 15 decimal points.

complex :  A complex number contains an ordered pair, i.e., x + iy where x and y denote the real and imaginary parts, respectively. The complex numbers like 

a = 5  

print("The type of a", type(a))  

b =40.5  

print("The type of b", type(b))

c =1+3j  

print("The type of c", type(c))  

print(" c is a complex number", isinstance(1+3j,complex))

Sequence Type 

String

The string can be defined as the sequence of characters represented in the quotation marks. In Python, we can use single, double, or triple quotes to define a string.

String handling in Python is a straightforward task since Python provides built-in functions and operators to perform operations in the string.

In the case of string handling, the operator + is used to concatenate two strings as the operation "hello"+" python" returns "hello python".

The operator * is known as a repetition operator as the operation "Python" *2 returns 'Python Python'.

Example : 

str = "string using double quotes" 

print(str) 

s = ''''name

string'''  print(s)

 

List

Python Lists are similar to arrays in C. However, the list can contain data of different types. The items stored in the list are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed within square brackets [].

We can use slice [:] operators to access the data of the list. The concatenation operator (+) and repetition operator (*) works with the list in the same way as they were working with the strings.

Example :

list1  = [1, "hi", "Python", 2]    

print(type(list1))

print(list1)

print(list1[3:])

print (list1[0:2])

print (list1 + list1)

print(list1 * 3)  

Tuple

A tuple is similar to the list in many ways. Like lists, tuples also contain the collection of the items of different data types. The items of the tuple are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed in parentheses ().

A tuple is a read-only data structure as we can't modify the size and value of the items of a tuple.

Example : 

tup  = ("hi", "Python", 2)    

print (type(tup))    

print (tup)   

print (tup[1:])    

print (tup[0:1])    

print (tup + tup)

   print (tup * 3)    

t[2] = "hello"  

Dictionary

Dictionary is an unordered set of a key-value pair of items. It is like an associative array or a hash table where each key stores a specific value. Key can hold any primitive data type, whereas value is an arbitrary Python object.

The items in the dictionary are separated with the comma (,) and enclosed in the  curly braces {}.

Example 

 d = {1:'Jimmy', 2:'Alex', 3:'john', 4:'mike'}     

print (d)  

print("1st name is "+d[1])   

print("2nd name is "+ d[4])    

print (d.keys())    

print (d.values()) 

Boolean

Boolean type provides two built-in values, True and False. These values are used to determine the given statement true or false. It denotes by the class bool. True can be represented by any non-zero value or 'T' whereas false can be represented by the 0 or 'F'. 

Example

print(type(True))  

print(type(False))  

print(false)

Set

Python Set is the unordered collection of the data type. It is iterable, mutable(can modify after creation), and has unique elements. In set, the order of the elements is undefined; it may return the changed sequence of the element.

 The set is created by using a built-in function set(), or a sequence of elements is passed in the curly braces and separated by the comma. It can contain various types of values .

Example :

# Creating Empty set  

set1 = set()  

set2 = {'James', 2, 3,'Python'}

print(set2)

set2.add(10)  

print(set2)  

set2.remove(2)  

print(set2)  

 

Data Types

Variables can hold values, and every value has a data-type. Python is a dynamically typed language; hence we do not need to define the type of the variable while declaring it. The interpreter implicitly binds the value with its type.

a = 5  

The variable a holds integer value five and we did not define its type. Python interpreter will automatically interpret variables a as an integer type.

Python enables us to check the type of the variable used in the program. Python provides us the type() function, which returns the type of the variable passed.

Example  :

a=10  

b="Hi Python"  

c = 10.5  

print(type(a))  

print(type(b))  

print(type(c)) 

Data types

A variable can hold different types of values. For example, a person's name must be stored as a string whereas its id must be stored as an integer.

Python provides various standard data types that define the storage method on each of them. The data types defined in Python are given below.

1.Numbers

2.Sequence Type

3.Boolean

4.Set

5.Dictionary

Numbers

Number stores numeric values. The integer, float, and complex values belong to a Python Numbers data-type. Python provides the type() function to know the data-type of the variable. Similarly, the isinstance() function is used to check an object belongs to a particular class.

 Int : Integer value can be any length such as integers 10, 2, 29, -20, -150 etc. Python has no restriction on the length of an integer. Its value belongs to int

Float :  Float is used to store floating-point numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2, etc. It is accurate upto 15 decimal points.

complex :  A complex number contains an ordered pair, i.e., x + iy where x and y denote the real and imaginary parts, respectively. The complex numbers like 

a = 5  

print("The type of a", type(a))  

b =40.5  

print("The type of b", type(b))

c =1+3j  

print("The type of c", type(c))  

print(" c is a complex number", isinstance(1+3j,complex))

Sequence Type 

String

The string can be defined as the sequence of characters represented in the quotation marks. In Python, we can use single, double, or triple quotes to define a string.

String handling in Python is a straightforward task since Python provides built-in functions and operators to perform operations in the string.

In the case of string handling, the operator + is used to concatenate two strings as the operation "hello"+" python" returns "hello python".

The operator * is known as a repetition operator as the operation "Python" *2 returns 'Python Python'.

Example : 

str = "string using double quotes" 

print(str) 

s = ''''name

string'''  print(s)

 

List

Python Lists are similar to arrays in C. However, the list can contain data of different types. The items stored in the list are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed within square brackets [].

We can use slice [:] operators to access the data of the list. The concatenation operator (+) and repetition operator (*) works with the list in the same way as they were working with the strings.

Example :

list1  = [1, "hi", "Python", 2]    

print(type(list1))

print(list1)

print(list1[3:])

print (list1[0:2])

print (list1 + list1)

print(list1 * 3)  

Tuple

A tuple is similar to the list in many ways. Like lists, tuples also contain the collection of the items of different data types. The items of the tuple are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed in parentheses ().

A tuple is a read-only data structure as we can't modify the size and value of the items of a tuple.

Example : 

tup  = ("hi", "Python", 2)    

print (type(tup))    

print (tup)   

print (tup[1:])    

print (tup[0:1])    

print (tup + tup)

   print (tup * 3)    

t[2] = "hello"  

Dictionary

Dictionary is an unordered set of a key-value pair of items. It is like an associative array or a hash table where each key stores a specific value. Key can hold any primitive data type, whereas value is an arbitrary Python object.

The items in the dictionary are separated with the comma (,) and enclosed in the  curly braces {}.

Example 

 d = {1:'Jimmy', 2:'Alex', 3:'john', 4:'mike'}     

print (d)  

print("1st name is "+d[1])   

print("2nd name is "+ d[4])    

print (d.keys())    

print (d.values()) 

Boolean

Boolean type provides two built-in values, True and False. These values are used to determine the given statement true or false. It denotes by the class bool. True can be represented by any non-zero value or 'T' whereas false can be represented by the 0 or 'F'. 

Example

print(type(True))  

print(type(False))  

print(false)

Set

Python Set is the unordered collection of the data type. It is iterable, mutable(can modify after creation), and has unique elements. In set, the order of the elements is undefined; it may return the changed sequence of the element.

 The set is created by using a built-in function set(), or a sequence of elements is passed in the curly braces and separated by the comma. It can contain various types of values .

Example :

# Creating Empty set  

set1 = set()  

set2 = {'James', 2, 3,'Python'}

print(set2)

set2.add(10)  

print(set2)  

set2.remove(2)  

print(set2)  

 

HTML CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

 CSS Tutorial

CSS Illustration

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. CSS is a standard style sheet language used for describing the presentation  of the web pages.

Prior to CSS, nearly all of the presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within the HTML markup (specifically inside the HTML tags); all the font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders and sizes had to be explicitly described within the HTML.

As a result, development of the large websites became a long and expensive process, since the style information were repeatedly added to every single page of the website.

To solve this problem CSS was introduced in 1996 by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which also maintains its standard. CSS was designed to enable the separation of presentation and content. Now web designers can move the formatting information of the web pages to a separate style sheet which results in considerably simpler HTML markup, and better maintainability.

Advantages of Using CSS

The biggest advantage of CSS is that it allows the separation of style and layout from the content of the document. Here are some more advantages, why one should start using CSS?

CSS Save Lots of Time 

 CSS gives lots of flexibility to set the style properties of an element. You can write CSS once; and then the same code can be applied to the groups of HTML elements, and can also be reused in multiple HTML pages.

Easy Maintenance 

provides an easy means to update the formatting of the documents, and to maintain the consistency across multiple documents. Because the content of the entire set of web pages can be easily controlled using one or more style sheets.

Pages Load Faster 

CSS enables multiple pages to share the formatting information, which reduces complexity and repetition in the structural contents of the documents. It significantly reduces the file transfer size, which results in a faster page loading.

Superior Styles to HTML

has much wider presentation capabilities than HTML and provide much better control over the layout of your web pages. So you can give far better look to your web pages in comparison to the HTML presentational elements and attributes.

Multiple Device Compatibility 

CSS also allows web pages to be optimized for more than one type of device or media. Using CSS the same HTML document can be presented in different viewing styles for different rendering devices such as desktop

Three Types CSS

To use CSS with HTML document, there are three ways:

Inline CSS: Define CSS properties using style attribute in the HTML elements.

Internal or Embedded CSS:  Define CSS using <style> tag in <head> section.

External CSS: Define all CSS property in a separate .css file, and then include the file with HTML file using tag in section.

 Inline CSS:

Inline CSS is used to apply CSS in a single element. It can apply style uniquely in each element.

To apply inline CSS, you need to use style attribute within HTML element. We can use as many properties as we want, but each property should be separated by a semicolon (;).

Ex: 

<h3 style="color: red;  

 font-style: italic; 

 text-align: center;  

   font-size: 50px; 

 padding-top: 25px;">Learning HTML using Inline CSS</h3>  

Internal CSS:

An Internal stylesheets contains the CSS properties for a webpage in <head> section of HTML document. To use Internal CSS, we can use class and id attributes.

We can use internal CSS to apply a style for a single HTML page.

Ex :

<!DOCTYPE html>  

<html>  

<head>  

 <style>  

 </style>  

</head>  

 <body>  

<h2>Learning HTML with internal CSS</h2>  

<p class="red">This is a red color paragraph</p>  

<p class="black">This is a black color paragraph</p>  

<p class="green">This is a green color paragraph</p>  

</body>  

</html>  

External CSS:

An external CSS contains a separate CSS file which only contains style code using the class name, id name, tag name, etc. We can use this CSS file in any HTML file by including it in HTML file using <link> tag.

If we have multiple HTML pages for an application and which use similar CSS, then we can use external CSS.

There are two files need to create to apply external CSS

1. First, create the HTML file

2. Create a CSS file and save it using the .css extension

3.Link the CSS file in your HTML file using tag in header section of HTML document.

Ex :

<!DOCTYPE html>  

<html>  

<head>  

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css">  

 </head>  

<body>  

<h2>Learning HTML with External CSS</h2>  

<p class="red">This is a red color paragraph</p>  

<p class="black">This is a black color paragraph</p>  

 <p class="green">This is a green color paragraph</p>  

</body>  

</html>  

 CSS Tutorial

CSS Illustration

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. CSS is a standard style sheet language used for describing the presentation  of the web pages.

Prior to CSS, nearly all of the presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within the HTML markup (specifically inside the HTML tags); all the font colors, background styles, element alignments, borders and sizes had to be explicitly described within the HTML.

As a result, development of the large websites became a long and expensive process, since the style information were repeatedly added to every single page of the website.

To solve this problem CSS was introduced in 1996 by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which also maintains its standard. CSS was designed to enable the separation of presentation and content. Now web designers can move the formatting information of the web pages to a separate style sheet which results in considerably simpler HTML markup, and better maintainability.

Advantages of Using CSS

The biggest advantage of CSS is that it allows the separation of style and layout from the content of the document. Here are some more advantages, why one should start using CSS?

CSS Save Lots of Time 

 CSS gives lots of flexibility to set the style properties of an element. You can write CSS once; and then the same code can be applied to the groups of HTML elements, and can also be reused in multiple HTML pages.

Easy Maintenance 

provides an easy means to update the formatting of the documents, and to maintain the consistency across multiple documents. Because the content of the entire set of web pages can be easily controlled using one or more style sheets.

Pages Load Faster 

CSS enables multiple pages to share the formatting information, which reduces complexity and repetition in the structural contents of the documents. It significantly reduces the file transfer size, which results in a faster page loading.

Superior Styles to HTML

has much wider presentation capabilities than HTML and provide much better control over the layout of your web pages. So you can give far better look to your web pages in comparison to the HTML presentational elements and attributes.

Multiple Device Compatibility 

CSS also allows web pages to be optimized for more than one type of device or media. Using CSS the same HTML document can be presented in different viewing styles for different rendering devices such as desktop

Three Types CSS

To use CSS with HTML document, there are three ways:

Inline CSS: Define CSS properties using style attribute in the HTML elements.

Internal or Embedded CSS:  Define CSS using <style> tag in <head> section.

External CSS: Define all CSS property in a separate .css file, and then include the file with HTML file using tag in section.

 Inline CSS:

Inline CSS is used to apply CSS in a single element. It can apply style uniquely in each element.

To apply inline CSS, you need to use style attribute within HTML element. We can use as many properties as we want, but each property should be separated by a semicolon (;).

Ex: 

<h3 style="color: red;  

 font-style: italic; 

 text-align: center;  

   font-size: 50px; 

 padding-top: 25px;">Learning HTML using Inline CSS</h3>  

Internal CSS:

An Internal stylesheets contains the CSS properties for a webpage in <head> section of HTML document. To use Internal CSS, we can use class and id attributes.

We can use internal CSS to apply a style for a single HTML page.

Ex :

<!DOCTYPE html>  

<html>  

<head>  

 <style>  

 </style>  

</head>  

 <body>  

<h2>Learning HTML with internal CSS</h2>  

<p class="red">This is a red color paragraph</p>  

<p class="black">This is a black color paragraph</p>  

<p class="green">This is a green color paragraph</p>  

</body>  

</html>  

External CSS:

An external CSS contains a separate CSS file which only contains style code using the class name, id name, tag name, etc. We can use this CSS file in any HTML file by including it in HTML file using <link> tag.

If we have multiple HTML pages for an application and which use similar CSS, then we can use external CSS.

There are two files need to create to apply external CSS

1. First, create the HTML file

2. Create a CSS file and save it using the .css extension

3.Link the CSS file in your HTML file using tag in header section of HTML document.

Ex :

<!DOCTYPE html>  

<html>  

<head>  

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css">  

 </head>  

<body>  

<h2>Learning HTML with External CSS</h2>  

<p class="red">This is a red color paragraph</p>  

<p class="black">This is a black color paragraph</p>  

 <p class="green">This is a green color paragraph</p>  

</body>  

</html>